typedef struct lua_TValue {
  Value value_; 
  int tt_;
} TValue; 
union Value {
  GCObject *gc;    /* collectable objects */
  void *p;         /* light userdata */
  int b;           /* booleans */
  lua_CFunction f; /* light C functions */
  lua_Integer i;   /* integer numbers */
  lua_Number n;    /* float numbers */
};
/* 使用 union 可以节省空间,因为这几个字段不可能同时有效 */

/*
** basic types
*/
#define LUA_TNIL		0
#define LUA_TBOOLEAN		1
#define LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA	2
#define LUA_TNUMBER		3
#define LUA_TSTRING		4
#define LUA_TTABLE		5
#define LUA_TFUNCTION		6
#define LUA_TUSERDATA		7
#define LUA_TTHREAD		8

/*
** tags for Tagged Values have the following use of bits:
** bits 0-3: actual tag (a LUA_T* value)
** bits 4-5: variant bits
** bit 6: whether value is collectable
*/
/*
** LUA_TFUNCTION variants:
** 0 - Lua function
** 1 - light C function
** 2 - regular C function (closure)
*/
/* Variant tags for functions */
#define LUA_TLCL	(LUA_TFUNCTION | (0 << 4))  /* Lua closure */
#define LUA_TLCF	(LUA_TFUNCTION | (1 << 4))  /* light C function */
#define LUA_TCCL	(LUA_TFUNCTION | (2 << 4))  /* C closure */
/* Variant tags for strings */
#define LUA_TSHRSTR	(LUA_TSTRING | (0 << 4))  /* short strings */
#define LUA_TLNGSTR	(LUA_TSTRING | (1 << 4))  /* long strings */
/* Variant tags for numbers */
#define LUA_TNUMFLT	(LUA_TNUMBER | (0 << 4))  /* float numbers */
#define LUA_TNUMINT	(LUA_TNUMBER | (1 << 4))  /* integer numbers */
/* Bit mark for collectable types */
#define BIT_ISCOLLECTABLE	(1 << 6)

** Common Header for all collectable objects (in macro form, to be
** included in other objects)
*/
#define CommonHeader	GCObject *next; lu_byte tt; lu_byte marked
/*
** Common type has only the common header
*/
typedef struct GCObject {
  CommonHeader;
} GCObject;
/*
** Union of all collectable objects (only for conversions)
*/
union GCUnion {
  GCObject gc;  /* common header */
  struct TString ts;
  struct Udata u;
  union Closure cl;
  struct Table h;
  struct Proto p;
  struct lua_State th;  /* thread */
};
#define cast(t, exp)	((t)(exp))
#define cast_u(o)	cast(union GCUnion *, (o))

/* macros to convert a GCObject into a specific value */
#define gco2ts(o)  \
	check_exp(novariant((o)->tt) == LUA_TSTRING, &((cast_u(o))->ts))
   
/* macro to convert a Lua object into a GCObject */
#define obj2gco(v) \
	check_exp(novariant((v)->tt) < LUA_TDEADKEY, (&(cast_u(v)->gc)))

/*
** Header for string value; string bytes follow the end of this structure
** (aligned according to 'UTString'; see next).
*/
#define CommonHeader	GCObject *next; lu_byte tt; lu_byte marked
typedef struct TString {
  CommonHeader;
  lu_byte extra;  /* reserved words for short strings; "has hash" for longs */
  lu_byte shrlen;  /* length for short strings */
  unsigned int hash;
  union {
    size_t lnglen;  /* length for long strings */
    struct TString *hnext;  /* linked list for hash table */
  } u;
} TString;
/*
** Ensures that address after this type is always fully aligned.
*/
typedef union UTString {
  L_Umaxalign dummy;  /* ensures maximum alignment for strings */
  TString tsv;
} UTString;

#define cast(t, exp)	((t)(exp))
/*
** Get the actual string (array of bytes) from a 'TString'.
** (Access to 'extra' ensures that value is really a 'TString'.)
*/
#define getaddrstr(ts)	(cast(char *, (ts)) + sizeof(UTString))
#define getstr(ts)  \
  check_exp(sizeof((ts)->extra), cast(const char*, getaddrstr(ts)))
/*
** creates a new string object
*/
static TString *createstrobj (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l,
                              int tag, unsigned int h) {
  TString *ts;
  GCObject *o;
  size_t totalsize;  /* total size of TString object */
  totalsize = sizelstring(l);
  o = luaC_newobj(L, tag, totalsize);
  ts = gco2ts(o);
  ts->hash = h;
  ts->extra = 0;
  memcpy(getaddrstr(ts), str, l * sizeof(char));
  getaddrstr(ts)[l] = '\0';  /* ending 0 */
  return ts;
}

/*
** new string (with explicit length)
*/
TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l) {
  if (l <= LUAI_MAXSHORTLEN)  /* short string? */
    return internshrstr(L, str, l);
  else {
    TString *ts;
    if (l + 1 > (MAX_SIZE - sizeof(TString))/sizeof(char))
      luaM_toobig(L);
    ts = createstrobj(L, str, l, LUA_TLNGSTR, G(L)->seed);
    ts->u.lnglen = l;
    return ts;
  }
}

#include <time.h>
#define luai_makeseed()		cast(unsigned int, time(NULL))
/*
** Compute an initial seed as random as possible. Rely on Address Space
** Layout Randomization (if present) to increase randomness..
*/
#define addbuff(b,p,e) \
  { size_t t = cast(size_t, e); \
    memcpy(buff + p, &t, sizeof(t)); p += sizeof(t); }

static unsigned int makeseed (lua_State *L) {
  char buff[4 * sizeof(size_t)];
  unsigned int h = luai_makeseed();
  int p = 0;
  addbuff(buff, p, L);  /* heap variable */
  addbuff(buff, p, &h);  /* local variable */
  addbuff(buff, p, luaO_nilobject);  /* global variable */
  addbuff(buff, p, &lua_newstate);  /* public function */
  lua_assert(p == sizeof(buff));
  return luaS_hash(buff, p, h);
}

unsigned int luaS_hash (const char *str, size_t l, unsigned int seed) {
  unsigned int h = seed ^ cast(unsigned int, l);
  size_t l1;
  size_t step = (l >> LUAI_HASHLIMIT) + 1;
  for (l1 = l; l1 >= step; l1 -= step)
    h = h ^ ((h<<5) + (h>>2) + cast_byte(str[l1 - 1]));
  return h;
}

unsigned int luaS_hash (const char *str, size_t l, unsigned int seed) {
  unsigned int h = seed ^ cast(unsigned int, l);
  size_t l1;
  size_t step = (l >> LUAI_HASHLIMIT) + 1;       /* LUAI_HASHLIMIT 默认是 5 */
  for (l1 = l; l1 >= step; l1 -= step)
    h = h ^ ((h<<5) + (h>>2) + cast_byte(str[l1 - 1]));
  return h;
}